Preparation of Ammonia
Ammonia is prepared by the following methods:From ammonium chloride
Ammonia gas is usually prepared in the laboratory by gently heating ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) and slaked lime [Ca(OH)2].
Fig: 13.3 - Preparation of ammonia
Ammonia gas is lighter than air, necessitating its collection by the downward displacement of air. Because it is highly soluble in water it cannot be collected over it. Passing ammonia gas over quicklime (CaO) dries it. Being a basic gas, ammonia cannot be dried by passing it through concentrated sulphuric acid or phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5), as it reacts with them to form ammonium sulphate or ammonium phosphate respectively.
Calcium chloride also cannot be used for drying ammonia gas as it forms ammoniates with CaCl2.
By the hydrolysis of metal nitrides
Hydrolyzing metal nitrides like magnesium and aluminium nitrides, with water or alkalies, can also produce ammonia gas.
Manufacture of Ammonia
Haber's process
The manufacture of ammonia by Haber's process involves the direct combination of nitrogen and hydrogen.
This reaction is, (a) reversible, (b) exothermic, and (c) proceeds with a decrease in volume. According to the Le Chatelier's principle, the favorable conditions for the formation of ammonia are,
Low temperature
The temperature should be remain as low as possible, (although at unusually low temperatures, the rate of reaction becomes slow). It has been found that the temperature, which optimizes the yield of ammonia for the reaction, is maximum at about 500°C.
High pressure
Since Haber's process proceeds with a decrease in volume, it is favored by high pressure. In actual practice, a pressure of 200 - 900 atmospheres is employed.
Catalyst
A catalyst is usually employed to increase the speed of the reaction. Finely divided iron containing molybdenum or alumina is used as a catalyst. Molybdenum or alumina (Al2O3) acts as a promoter and increases the efficiency of the catalyst. A mixture of iron oxide and potassium aluminate has been found to work more effectively.
Fig: 13.4 - Manufacturing plant employed in Haber's process
Source of raw materials
The nitrogen and hydrogen gases used as the raw material in Haber's process are obtained as follows.
- Nitrogen is obtained from the liquid air and hydrogen from water by electrolysis.
- Hydrogen may be obtained from water gas (mixture of CO and H2) by Bosch process.
- Water gas can be obtained by passing steam over red hot coke.
By bubbling the mixture through water, CO2 is removed.
- A mixture of nitrogen and hydrogen may be obtained by treating a mixture of producer gas (CO + N2), water gas (CO + H2) with steam in the presence of ferric oxide - chromium oxide catalyst at 450°C.
Carbon dioxide is removed by bubbling through water under pressure.
Plant
The plant, which manufactures ammonia, has the following components and processes.
Compressor
A mixture of nitrogen and hydrogen is compressed to 200-900 atmosphere pressure, in the ratio 1:3 (by volume). The compressed gas is sent to ammonia converter.
Fig: 13.5 - Ammonia converter
Converter
Ammonia converter is made from chrome-vanadium steel. It is usually 1.3 meter high and 1 meter in diameter. The converter is provided with a heat exchanger in the upper portion and the catalyst is packed in the central portion of the converter. There is an arrangement for heating the gas mixture. After the gas mixture enters through the inlet at the bottom, the gases circulate around the catalyst maintained at 450-500°C and then pass through to the heat exchanger. The gases finally enter the catalyst chamber to give ammonia. Before entering the condensers the product as well as the unreacted gases pass through the pipes of the heat exchanger and transfer their heat to the incoming gas mixture containing nitrogen and hydrogen.
Condensers
This cools and liquefies ammonia. The condensed ammonia, called 'liquor ammonia' is filled into cylinders under pressure.
Re-circulating pump
Some of the nitrogen and hydrogen gases escape condensation and are re-circulated through the converter.
18 comments:
Thanks for Informative post! Perfect for studying Haber's process!! I have found very useful video explanation about implementation of the ammonia synthesis. Comment By Efkam Organics Leading Ammonium Chloride Manufacturer in India
... appreciate this post .. it explained almost all basic concepts..
Thanks for the post!
It helped me with my exams😁😁😁
Thank for guiding us
Helped A lot... Thanks
Thanks for the post it helped me to complete the chapter very easy
Thanks for this post
Tnk u for this post
This post is Hlp in my xm
😝😝
Perfectly explained...
Thanks
Thanks....well explained..
Nice and the topic is now Crystal clear
I also
Thnx for this post... Its really v v helpful 😊❤❤.
If you had financial problems, then it is time for you to smile. You only need to contact Mr. Benjamin with the amount you wish to borrow and the payment period that suits you and you will have your loan in less than 48 hours. I just benefited for the sixth time a loan of 700 thousand dollars for a period of 180 months with the possibility of paying before the expiration date. Make contact with him and you will see that he is a very honest man with a good heart.His email is lfdsloans@lemeridianfds.com and his phone What App number is + 1-989-394-3740 .
You never want to be looking anywhere but local for a roof repair gainesville georgia. I don’t know if they will charge you more, but like you said, they will know the regulations and building codes better. I have never thought about getting a warranty for the roof. I would see if you actually need a warranty because my house for instance is in the desert so we don’t get very violent storms like other places. (edited)
Itś really very helpful
Tq
Post a Comment