Electrophilic substitution reactons of haloarenes

The halogen atom is ortho and para directing and therefore, substitution takes place at ortho and para positions giving electrophilic substitution reactions at the benzene ring.

In the resonance structures of chlorobenzene the ortho and para positions get negatively charged, i.e. the electron density is relatively more at ortho and para positions. The incoming electrophile is more likely to attack these positions. But, because of steric hindrance at the ortho position, the para-product usually predominates over the ortho product. Also, the halogen atom has -I effect because it is a electron withdrawing group. As a result, it tends to deactivate the benzene ring. Therefore, the electrophilic substitution reactions of chlorobenzene occur slowly and under drastic conditions compared to benzene. Thus,
  • Haloarenes undergo electrophilic substitution reactions slowly as compared to benzene.
  • Halogen group is ortho and para directing (para-product usually predominates over the ortho product).

Halogenation

Haloarenes react with halogens in the presence of ferric salt as catalyst to give ortho para isomers.

Haloarenes react with halogens  to give ortho para isomers

Nitration

Haloarenes with concentrated HNO3 in the presence of concentrated H2SO4.

nitration of haloarenes

Sulphonation

Sulphonation occurs when haloarene is treated with concentrated H2SO4.

sulphonation of haloarene

Alkylation and acylation

The alkylation and acylation reaction, known as 'Friedel-Craft reaction', is carried by treating haloarene with alkyl chloride or acyl chloride in the presence of a catalyst like anhydrous aluminium chloride. For example,

alkylation of chlorobenzene

acylation of chlorobenzene

Problems

4. Write the possible isomers of the aromatic compound having molecular formula C7H7Cl. Which of these have weakest C-Cl bond?

Solution

The possible isomers of the aromatic compound having molecular formula C7H7Cl are benzyl chloride and ortho chlorotoluene and para chlorotoluene.

 possible isomers  having molecular formula C7H7Cl

Benzyl chloride has the weaker bond because the chlorine atom is at the substituted side chain of the alkyl group. In o- and p- chlorotoluene the C-Cl bond is stronger because it is directly part of the benzene ring. This makes the C-Cl bond less polar due to electron releasing resonance effect. p-chloro toluene is more stable than o-chloro toluene.

5. Which of the following is an aryl halide?

structure of chlorobenzene benzyl chloride chlorocyclohexane

Solution

(c) is chlorobenzene, an aryl halide because the chlorine is directly attached to the benzene ring. (a), is benzyl chloride which is a substituted haloarene, while (b) is chlorocyclohexane which is a haloalkane.

7 comments:

Unknown said...

Which is stable between ortho and paretoluene

Unknown said...

Both are Same thing .Just draw the structure.

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Unknown said...

Please, I need further explainations on how HNO3 dissociates in the presence of H2SO4 to yield NO2. Thanks. God bless.

Unknown said...

Please, I need further explainations on how HNO3 dissociates in the presence of H2SO4 to yield NO2. Thanks. God bless.

Unknown said...


Haloarenes react with halogens in the presence of ferric salt as catalyst to give ortho para isomers.
Haloarenes react with halogens to give ortho para isomers
Nitration
Haloarenes with concentrated HNO3 in the presence of concentrated H2SO4.
nitration of haloarenes
Sulphonation
Sulphonation occurs when haloarene is treated with concentrated H2SO4.
sulphonation of haloarene
Alkylation and acylation
The alkylation and acylation reaction, known as 'Friedel-Craft reaction', is carried by treating haloarene with alkyl chloride or acyl chloride in the presence of a catalyst like anhydrous aluminium chloride. For example,
alkylation of chlorobenzene
acylation of chlorobenzene
Problems
4. Write the possible isomers of the aromatic compound having molecular formula C7H7Cl. Which of these have weakest C-Cl bond?
Solution
The possible isomers of the aromatic compound having molecular formula C7H7Cl are benzyl chloride and ortho chlorotoluene and para chlorotoluene.
possible isomers having molecular formula C7H7Cl
Benzyl chloride has the weaker bond because the chlorine atom is at the substituted side chain of the alkyl group. In o- and p- chlorotoluene the C-Cl bond is stronger because it is directly part of the benzene ring. This makes the C-Cl bond less polar due to electron releasing resonance effect. p-chloro toluene is more stable than o-chloro toluene.
5. Which of the following is an aryl halide?
structure of chlorobenzene benzyl chloride chlorocyclohexane
Solution
(c) is chlorobenzene, an aryl halide because the chlorine is directly attached to the benzene ring. (a), is benzyl chloride which is a substituted haloarene, while (b) is chlorocyclohexane which is a haloalkane.

Unknown said...

Para